바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

아동의 회상 보고 정확성에 아동의 연령, 양육자의 지지가 미치는 영향

Exploration of Children’s Age and Parental Emotional Supportiveness that Impact the Accuracy of Children’s Memory

한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제 / Korean Psychological Journal of Culture and Social Issues, (P)1229-0661; (E)1229-0661
2016, v.22 no.4, pp.523-541
https://doi.org/10.20406/kjcs.2016.11.22.4.523
이승진 (건국대학교)
  • 다운로드 수
  • 조회수

초록

아동과 피고인의 진술 모두는 아동이 연루된 범죄 사건의 법적 판결에 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 연구는 성인의 실수를 목격한 아동의 진실된 보고가 철회되는 데 영향을 미치는 심리적 요인들을 살펴보고자 하였다. 특히 아동의 연령과 양육자의 정서적 지지가 아동의 진술 철회를 예측하는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 만 5-8세 아동들은 실험자와 인형 놀이를 하는 동안 실험자가 인형을 망가뜨리는 것을 목격하고 이 사실을 비밀로 해 달라는 실험자의 요청을 받았다. 이후 아동은 그 사건에 대한 진실 보고를 유도하는 1차 기억 면담을 받았다. 처치 조건에 따라 아동의 진실된 보고에 대해 주양육자(어머니)가 지지적 혹은 비지지적으로 피드백을 제공한 후 아동은 2차 기억 면담을 받았다. 본 연구는 아동의 진실된 보고의 철회 여부를 살펴보았고 아동의 자발적 보고의 특성, 즉 솔직함의 정도를 살펴보았다. 연구 결과 이전 진술을 철회하는 정도에 있어서는 연령차가 나타나지 않았으나 나이 든 아동들(만 7-8세)이 상대적으로 어린 아동들(만 5-6세)보다 2차 면담에서 이전 보고에 대한 철회를 유지하려는 경향이 더 강했다. 또한 진실된 보고에 대해 지지적으로 반응해 준 어머니의 아동이 2차 면담에서 더 솔직한 반응을 보였으며 비지지적으로 반응한 어머니의 아동은 상대적으로 더 낮은 솔직함을 보였다. 본 연구의 결과는 아동이 경험한 부정적 사건에 대한 자발적 회상 보고 시, 양육자의 지지와 같은 영향이 진실을 밝히는 과정에 어떤 역할을 하는 가에 대한 이해를 돕고 법률적 맥락에서 아동 진술의 신뢰성에 대한 현실적인 함의를 제공해 준다.

keywords
아동 기억, 양육자 지지, 철회, 폭로, 아동진술, child memory, parental supportiveness, recantation, disclosure, child’s testimony

Abstract

Both the child’s and defendant’s testimonies play crucial roles in the court’s ruling of a child abuse case. Thus, empirical studies examining a child’s truthful report, that is, disclosure, of his or her experience and recantation of the disclosure have manifold practical implications. The objective of the present study was to examine how easily a child recants his or her testimony after witnessing and disclosing an adult engaging in a small mistake. Furthermore, this study examined whether the child’s age and emotional support from his or her caregiver predict the recantation of the child’s testimony. Children of age 5-8 years played with dolls with the experimenter and witnessed the experimenter breaking the doll mask. The experimenter asked the children to keep it a secret. Then the children had the first memory interview, during which the interviewer induced the child to disclose the incident. Based on the treatment conditions, some children were provided supportive feedback while other received unsupportive feedback from their primary caregivers (mother) regarding the disclosure, then were interviewed for the second time. First, the author of this study examined whether the children would recant their disclosure (whether they would deny the incident after telling the truth of about what happened to the doll), and also examined the features of the child’s voluntary reports, that is, the degree of their honesty. The findings of the experiment indicated that there were age-specific differences in the frequency of recantation, meaning that older children (8-9-year-olds) showed a stronger tendency to maintain their recantation in the second interview than relatively younger children (6-7-year-olds). Furthermore, children who received supportive responses from their mothers regarding the disclosure demonstrated more honest reports compared to those who received unsupportive responses from their mothers. The findings of this study assist the understanding of the effects of social-motivational factors on the process of children disclosing the truth when voluntarily recalling a negative incident that they had experienced and provide practical implications in legal aspects.

keywords
아동 기억, 양육자 지지, 철회, 폭로, 아동진술, child memory, parental supportiveness, recantation, disclosure, child’s testimony

참고문헌

1.

곽금주, 김연수 (2003). 취학전 아동증언에서 참여여부, 질문 및 질문자의 특성에 따른 기억의 정확성. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 16(2), 1-19.

2.

곽금주, 이승진 (2006). 아동 증언에 영향을 주는 요인들. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 25(2), 13-40.

3.

김영태, 장혜성, 임선숙, 백현정 (1995). 그림어휘력검사. 서울: 서울장애인종합복지관.

4.

김효정 (2008). 사회적 지지가 아동 증언에 미치는 영향. 경북대학교 문학석사학위논문.

5.

송종호 (2014). 목격자 진술의 신빙성에 관한 연구. 서울대학교 법학석사학위논문.

6.

조은경 (2010). 성폭력 피해 아동 진술 신빙성 평가의 한계와 전망. 피해자학연구, 18(2), 47-60.

7.

이수정, 김현정 (2008). 아동 성폭력 피해자 조사 시 고려해야 할 요인. 한국범죄학, 2(2), 105-137.

8.

한인영, 박명숙, 유서구, 류소영 (2008). 아동청소년 성학대 피해증상의 영향요인 성학대 피해에 대한 부모의 반응을 중심으로. 청소년학연구, 15(1), 327-356.

9.

Bottoms, B. L., Goodman, G. S., Schwartz-Kenney, B., & Thomas, S. N. (2002). Understanding children’s use of secrecy in the context of eyewitness reports. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 285-313.

10.

Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2005). The science of false memory. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

11.

Brown, D. A., Lewis, C. N., Lamb, M. E., & Stephens, E. (2012). The influences of delay and severity of intellectual disability on event memory in children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 829-841.

12.

Bruck, M., Ceci, S. J., & Principe, G. F. (2006). The child and the law. In K. A. Renninger, I. E. Sigel, W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 4: Child psychology in practice (6th ed., pp. 776-816). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.

13.

Bruck, M., & Ceci, S. J. (2009). Reliability of child witnesses’ reports. In J. L. Skeem, K. S. Douglas, & S. O. Lilienfeld (Eds.), Psychological science in the courtroom: Consensus and controversy (pp. 149-171). New York: Guilford.

14.

Bussey, K. (2010). The role of promises for children’s trustworthiness and honesty. In K. J. Rotenberg (Ed.), Interpersonal trust during childhood and adolescence (pp. 155-176). New York: Cambridge University Press.

15.

Cross, T. P., De Vos, E., & Whitcomb, D. (1994). Prosecution of child sexual abuse: Which cases are accepted? Child Abuse and Neglect, 18, 663-677.

16.

Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, L. M. (2007). The Peabody picture vocabulary test-fourth edition. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.

17.

Elliott, D. M., & Briere, J. (1994). Forensic sexual abuse evaluations of older children: Disclosures and symptomatology. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 12, 261-277.

18.

Elliott, A. N., & Carnes, C. N. (2001). Reactions of nonoffending parents to the sexual abuse of their child: A review of the literature. Child Maltreatment, 6, 314-331.

19.

Goodman, G. S., Taub, E. P., Jones, D. P., England, P., Port, L. K., Rudy, L., et al (1992). Testifying in criminal court: Emotional effects on child sexual assault victims. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 57(5, Serial No. 229).

20.

Gordon, H. M., Lyon, T. D., & Lee, K. (2014). Social and cognitive factors associated with children’s secret-keeping for a parent. Child Development, 85, 2374-2388.

21.

Jinich, S., & Litrownik, A. J. (1999). Coping with sexual abuse: Development and evaluation of a videotape intervention for nonoffending parents. Child Abuse and Neglect, 23, 175-190.

22.

Kerns, K. A., Klepac, L., & Cole, A. (1996). Peer relationships and preadolescents’ perceptions of security in the child-mother relationship. Developmental Psychology, 32, 457-466.

23.

Lamb, M. E., Hershkowitz, I., Orbach, Y., & Esplin, P. W. (2008). Tell me what happened: Structured investigative interviews of child victims and witnesses. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.

24.

Lawson, L., & Chaffin, M. (1992). False negatives in sexual abuse disclosure interviews: Incidence and influence of caretaker’s belief in abuse in cases of accidental abuse discovery by diagnosis of STD. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 7, 532-542.

25.

Leifer, M., Shapiro, J. P., & Kassem, L. (1993). The impact of maternal history and behavior upon foster placement and adjustment in sexually abused girls. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 755-766.

26.

Leippe, M. R., Manion, A. P., & Romanczyk, A. (1992). Eyewitness persuasion: How and how well do fact finders judge the accuracy of adults’ and children’s memory reports? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 181-197.

27.

Lippert, T., Cross, T. P., Jones, L., & Walsh, W. (2010). Suspect confession of child sexual abuse to investigators. Child maltreatment, 15(2), 161-170.

28.

London, K., Bruck, M., Ceci, S. J., & Shuman, D. W. (2005). Disclosure of child sexual abuse: What does the research tell us about the ways that children tell? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 11, 194-226.

29.

London, K., Bruck, M., Wright, D. B., & Ceci, S. J. (2008). Review of the contemporary literature on how children report sexual abuse to others: Findings, methodological issues, and implications for forensic interviewers. Memory, 16, 29-47.

30.

Lyon, T. D. (2007). False denials: Overcoming methodological biases in abuse disclosure research. In M. E. Pipe, M. E. Lamb, Y. Orbach, & A. C. Cederborg (Eds.), Disclosing abuse: Delays, denials, retractions, and incomplete accounts (pp. 41-62). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

31.

Lyon, T. D., Ahern, E. A., Malloy, L. A., & Quas, J. A. (2010). Children’s reasoning about disclosing adult transgressions: Effects of maltreatment, child age, and adult identity. Child Development, 81, 1714-1728.

32.

Lyon, T. D., Malloy, L. C., Quas, J. A., & Talwar, V. A. (2008). Coaching, truth induction, and young maltreated children’s false allegations and false denials. Child Development, 79, 914-929.

33.

Lyon, T. D., Wandrey, L., Ahern, E., Licht, R., Sim, M. P., & Quas, J. A. (2014). Eliciting maltreated and nonmaltreated children’s transgression disclosures: Narrative practice rapport building and a putative confession. Child Development, 85, 1756-1769.

34.

Malloy, L. C., Brubacher, S. P., & Lamb, M. E. (2011). Expected consequences of disclosure revealed in investigative interviews with suspected victims of child sexual abuse. Applied Developmental Science, 15, 8-19.

35.

Malloy, L. C., Brubacher, S. P., & Lamb, M. E. (2013). “Because she’s one who listens”: Children discuss disclosure recipients in forensic interviews. Child Maltreatment, 18, 245-251.

36.

Malloy, L. C., Lyon, T. D., & Quas, J. A. (2007). Filial dependency and recantation of child sexual abuse allegations. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 162-170.

37.

Malloy, L. C., & Mugno, A. P. (2016). Children’s recantation of adult wrongdoing: An experimental investigation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 145, 11-21.

38.

Malloy, L. C., Quas, J. A., Lyon, T. D., & Ahern, E. C. (2014). Disclosing adult wrongdoing: Maltreated and non-maltreated children’s expectations and preferences. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 124, 78-96.

39.

Pianta, R. C. (1992). Child-Parent Relationship Scale. Unpublished measure, University of Virginia.

40.

Pipe, M. E., Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y., & Cederborg, A. C. (2007). Seeking resolution in the disclosure wars: An overview. In M. E. Pipe, M. E. Lamb, Y. Orbach, & A. C. Cederborg (Eds.) Child sexual abuse: Disclosure, delay, and denial (pp. 3-10). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

41.

Quas, J. A., Goodman, G. S., & Jones, D. P. H. (2003). Predictors of attributions of self-blame and internalizing behavior problems in sexually abused children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 723-736.

42.

Quas, J. A., Thompson, W. C., & Clarke-Stewart, K. (2005). Do jurors “know” what isn’t so about child witnesses? Law and Human Behavior, 29, 425-456.

43.

Robinson, C. C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F., & Hart, C. H. (2001). The Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ). In B. F. Perlmutter, J. Touliatos, & G. W. Holden (Eds.), Handbook of family measurement techniques. Instruments and index (Vol. 3, pp. 319-321). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

44.

Talwar, V., Lee, K., Bala, N., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (2004). Children’s lie-telling to conceal a parent’s transgression: Legal implications. Law and Human Behavior, 28, 411-435.

한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제